Nationalism in Latin American History

subjectism 1. In the wake of neocolonialism, Latin Americans remade the nativist rhetoric of the past to push a new nationalist cultural and economic agenda. I. Nationalism 1. Latin American nations had been defined by their internal diversity 1. Transculturation 2. Racial mixed bag 2. Europeans had associated Latin American difference with a negative meaning 3. Nativism challenged this attitude 4. Nativism indistinct after license 3. New nationalism was another wave of nativism with rigid economic agenda 4. Who were nationalists? 5. Often urban, middle break 6. Mixed-race or new-fangled immigrants . Benefitted less from export boom 5. Nationalism challenged the supposed superiority of European culture 8. Reinterpretation of Latin American difference as positive 9. drill of local cultural forms to define that difference 6. Critique of unlike incumbrance 10. Military discourse 11. Economic ply 7. Ethnic nationalism 12. Differs from U. S. civil nationalism13. Employs signs of ethnic personal identity 1. Foods 2. Dance 3. Clothing 1. Celebrates racial mixing 1. Adaptation to Latin American environment 2. Sometimes as profit best of all races 3. Nicolas Guillen . Premier exponent of Afro-Cuban identity 2. Ballad of both Grandfathers 3. Poems sometimes mimicked Afro-Cuban speech 1. humany writers use autochthonic and Afro-Cuban themes 1. Alejo Carpentier (Cuba) 2. Ciro Alegria (Peru) 3. Miguel angel Asturias (Guatemala) I. nationalists getting even Power 1. Mexican Revolution 1. Diaz had ruled for 34 long time by 1910 2. Reformers back Francisco makero 1. Madero sought only more power for elites in Diaz political relation 2. Madero was jailed and drive outd 1. Madero radicalizes, proposes returning indigenous democracys 2. Emiliano Zapata 1.From indigenous community of Anenecuilo 2. Lost land to sugar plantations 3. Allied his movement with Madero 4. His image sombrero, mustache, horse become iconic of Revolution 5. One of many local leaders moving against the establishment activity 1. Madero goes into exile in 1911 1. Diaz unseated by a general, killed 2. Years of upheaval, multiple armies conflict at once 1. Pancho Villa 1. Northern Mexico 2. Army comprised of cowboys, miners, railroad workers, oil workers 3. real different from Zapatas southern indigenous rebellion 1. piecealists 1.Third movement along with Villa and Zapata 2. Urban, middle class 3. Drafted a new constitution in 1917 4. more typical of Latin American nationalists 5. May be considered the winners of the revolution 1. Constitution of 1917 1. bind 27 reclaims oil decentlys for nation from conflicting companies 2. Paved the commission for villages to recover common lands (ejidos) 3. Division of epic land make upings, distribution to landless peasants 4. Article 123 labor regulations 5. Limited privileges of foreigners 6. Curbed Catholic church 1. No longer could hold land 2. Limits to number of clergy . Clergy could not wear ecclesiastical clothes in the street 4. Clergy could not teach primary school 1. 7. Defeated Villa and Zapata 2. Fought dispatch Catholic traditionalist Cristero rebellion 3. Created single- fellowship political system 1. Remained in power as Revolutionary Party for septenaryty years 2. Employed Villa, Zapata, Madero as its heroes 1. Revolution was transformative for Mexico 1. Created new loyalties 2. Occupied a central space in the national imagination 3. Two U. S. interventions added nationalist luster 1. New government openings 1.Road initiative decreases isolation of agricultural areas 2. Land redistribution 3. state- gestateed information initiative 4. Jose Vasconcelos 1. Minister of Education 2. Celebrated the Cosmic Race, meaning mestizos 1. Artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo illustrate rotatory nationalism 1. Diego Rivera 1. Muralist 2. Depicted Mexicos indigenous past 3. Painted Ministry of Public Education 1. (i) Images of open-air schools 2. (ii) Indigenous peasants dividing lan d 1. Mexicos national castling 1. (i) Scenes of Tenochtitlan 2. (ii) Depicts Spanish conquest as a hypocritical bloodbath 1. . Frida Kahlo 1. piffling self-portraits 2. Painted while bedridden 1. (i) Polio survivor 2. (ii) Crippled by a traffic accident 3. (iii) Multiple surgeries 1. Depicted herself with cultural symbols of Mexico 1. (i) conventional hairstyles 2. (ii) Folk dresses 3. (iii) Pre-Colombian jewelry 1. Nationalism was en vogue in the mid-twenties30s 1. Folk music (corridos) 2. Dance (jarabes) 3. Traditional dishes (molesandtamales) 4. Old-style theater (carpas) 5. Mexican films 1. Nationalist movement had Marxist overtones 1. Kahlo and Rivera joined Communist society 2. Soviet exile Trotsky lived in Mexico 1.Uruguay 1. Background 1. Export boom rivaled that of Argentina 2. Ruled finished managed elections 1. Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1. Countrys gravid nationalist reformer 2. initiatory term (190307) vanquished political rivals 3. Broad support among immigrant worki ng and middle class of Montevideo 1. Batllismo 1. Civic and economic nationalism 2. State action against foreign economic imperialism 1. Tariffs to protect local business 2. Government monopoly on semipublic utilities 1. (i) Formerly British-owned railroad 2. (ii) Port of Montevideo 1. Government ownership of touring car hotels 2.Government owned meat-packing plants 3. State-owned banks 1. 3. Hemispheres starting line welfare state 1. tokenish wage 2. Labor regulations 3. Paid vacations 4. Accident insurance 5. Public education expand 6. University opened to women 1. 4. Batllismo relied on prosperity to sustain reforms 2. Left rural Uruguay largely untouched 3. Aggressively anti-clerical 4. Tried to abolish presidency in favor of a council 5. Considered a civil caudillo 1. Argentina Hipolito Yrigoyen 1. Revolution of the suffrage box (1916) 1. Radical Civic Union 2. Middle-class reform party with working class support 3.First truly mass-based political party in Latin America 4 . Rewarded supporters with public jobs 5. Reforms less audacious than in Uruguay 1. utilize nationalist rhetoric 2. Did not significantly affect presence of foreign capital 1. 6. Created government agency to oversee oil production 1. Man of the people 1. Hated, and hated by, urban elite 2. Framed politics in moral terms 3. Lived in a simple house 1. spurned European and U. S. initiatives 2. Repressed labor action 1. Tragic week of 1919 2. Patagonian sheep herders aim of 1921 1. Returned to power in 1928 1.Victor Manuel Haya de la Torre (Peru) 2. Exiled from Peru for protesting a U. S. -backed potentateship 3. Lived in Mexico, enticed by Mexican Revolution 4. Formed Popular American Revolutionary coalition (APRA) 1. International party 2. Defense against economic imperialism 1. Preferred the term Indo-America to Latin America 2. Indigenismo nationalist emphasis on indigenous roots 1. Jose Carlos Mariategui imagined indigenous socialism 2. Inca models combined with Marxist theor y 3. Peruvian society ethnically split, soindigenismowas not successful 1.APRA 1. Did not succeed as world-wide party 2. Indigenismoscared Perus Conservatives 3. Mass r associate against oligarchy, imperialism 4. Party revolted after losing a managed election 5. Rebellion crushed, party banned 1. Ciro Alegria 1. High-ranking APRA militant 2. Fled Peru 3. Wroteindigenismo metaphor 4. Authored Wide and Alien is the military personnel 5. Best-known Latin Americanindigenismowriter 1. Nationalists were influential even when kept from power 1. Colombia 1. Nationalists tried to outflank traditionalist client nedeucerks 1. Unionized urban workers 2.Rural oligarchies were too strong 1. 2. Jorge Eliecer Gaitan 1. Fiery habitual leader 2. Rose to fame protesting massacre of banana workers at U. S. -owned plantation 1. Venezuela 1. rock oil money kept leaders entrentched 2. Popular outreach carried out by commie or socialist activists 1. Chile 1. Thirteen-day Socialist Republic 2. National ists on the right prevented consolidation of a government 1. Cuba 1. Broad nationalist coalition ousted neocolonial dictator 2. Included university students and non-commissioned army officers 3. Fulgencio Batista 1.Led military element of revolution 2. Bowed to U. S. influence 3. Nationalism as window-dressing I. ISI and Activist Governments of the 1930s 1. Import Substitution industrial enterprise (ISI) 1. International trade collapses during 1930s Depression 2. Latin American manufacturers require void left by collapsed trade 3. Began during trade disruption during World War I 1. Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City develop application 2. Latin American industry remains mostly undeveloped 1. Industrialization becomes central to nationalism 1. Economic activism 1.Setting wages and prices 2. Regulating production levels 3. Protective labor laws 4. Manipulated transmute rates 1. 2. State ownership of banks, utilities, key industries 1. Largest commercialises bene fitted from ISI 1. Mexico 2. Southern Cone nations 1. smaller markets did not see much industrialization 1. Poor, rural populations 2. Less market for domestically-produced products 1. Light industry responded better to ISI than heavy industry 1. Heavy industry required importing equipment 2. Required brace 3. Only Mexico, Argentina, brazil nut, and Chile had steel industries 1. Brazil 1.Industry surpassed agriculture as percentage of GDP within two decades 2. Getulio Vargas 1. Compared to U. S. president FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 1. Made historied use of radio 2. Vastly expanded government 1. Oligarchic republic begins to collapse in 1920s 2. late army officers tenentesstage symbolic uprisings 3. Coffee industry in crisis from overrun 1. Coffee Valorization Program cannot offset drops in prices 2. Depression in 1929 causes prices to plop again 1. Revolution of 1930 1. Vargas was governor of Rio Grande do Sul, non- coffee tree state 2.Candidate from coffee-producing Sao Pa ulo won a managed election 3. Opposition forces gather to dispute result 4. Vargas takes presidency with support of the army 5. Revolution of 1930 brought together diverse political movements 1. Frustrated liberals 2. Tenentes nationalists who disdain Liberals 1. YoungTenentesabsorb radical ideologies 1. Manytenentesjoined communist party 2. Communist party at the center of Alliance for National spillage (ALN) 3. Others join Integralists, inspired by European fascism 1. Vargas presidency 1.Ruled more-or-less constitutionally for seven years 2. Played different political factions against each other 3. Took imperative power in 1937 4. AnnouncedEstado Novo(New State) 1. Highly authoritarian 2. Dissolved legislative bodies 3. Banned political parties 4. Media censored 5. Interventors appointed to direct state governments 6. jurisprudence operated with brutal impunity 1. 5. Nationalism answered maintain his popularity 1. Flood of new government agencies 2. National Steel caller-out 3. National Motor Factory 4. Prohibited foreign ownership of newspapers 5.Assimilation pressure on immigrant communities 1. Promotion of Afro-Brazilian heritage 1. Gilberto Freyre 1. Anthropologist 2. AuthoredThe Masters and the Slaves 3. Argued that African heritage created Brazils national identity 1. 2. Samba became Brazils national dance 2. Carmen Miranda 1. Known for her fruit-hats 2. Movie star depression in Brazil, then in get together States 3. In Brazil, movies occupied a nationalist niche national dance, national music 4. In the United States, became a caricature of Latin America 5. Born in Portugal, elevated in Brazil . Dance, costumes, and songs embodied Brazil 1. Sao Paulo Modern Art Week, 1922 1. Heitor Villa-Lobos 1. coordinated Brazilian folk melodies into classical compositions 2. Under Vargas, worked on national program for musical enrichment 3. Remains Latin Americas most famous classical composer 1. 2. Oswald de Andrade 1. Cannabalist manifesto 1928 2. Sug gested that Brazilians metaphorically cannibalize European art 1. (i) run off and digest it 2. (ii) Combine it with indigenous and African art to create Brazilian forms 1. 3.Jorge Amado 1. Best-known Brazilian novelist 2. Novels set in strongly Afro-Brazilian Bahia 1. Placing Vargas on the left-right spectrum 1. organised labor unions 2. Protected workers 1. 48-hour work week 2. Safety standards 3. Retirement and allowance plans 4. Maternity benefits 1. 3. Paternalistic no worker control 1. Striking interdict 2. Grievances addressed to the state 1. Lazaro Cardenas in Mexico 1. Humble beginnings, unlike Vargas or FDR 2. Fought in the Revolution 3. Became governor of Michoacan, his home state 4. Ran for president unopposed as Revolutionary partys candidate 1.Campaigned across the country 2. Made a point to visit small villages 1. Distributed nearly 45 jillion acres of land, as much as previous twenty-four years put together 2. Supported labor, defended right to strike 1. Led to major international confrontation in 1938 2. Striking workers were employed by U. S. and British companies 3. Companies and strikers submitted to Mexican government for arbitration 1. Arbitrators awarded workers change magnitude pay and social run 2. Foreign firms refused to comply 3. Mexican supreme court upheld decision 4.Companies go along to stonewall 1. 4. Cardenas expropriated the oil companies under Article 27 1. Mexicans voluntarily contributed to help government compensate the companies 2. Seen as a declaration of economic independence 3. Gave rise to national oil company, PEMEX 1. 5. Britain cut off diplomatic dealings 1. FDRs Good Neighbor Policy 1. Need for Latin American allies in unstable 1930s 2. 1933, Pan-American Conference 1. United States forswears intervention in Latin America 2. Cuba and Panama would no longer be protectorates 1.Rise of Good Neighbor movies 1. Carmen Miranda 2. Disneys Three Caballeros 1. World War II 1. All countries of Latin America joine d the United States as allies in World War II 1. Central American and Caribbean countries among first to join 1. Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic 1. (i) Petty dictator supported by United States 2. (ii) Hes our bastard 1. 2. Chile and Argentina were aloof, with large population of immigrants from Italy, Germany 2. Brazil was greatest ally 1. Bulge of Brazil was of great strategic importance 2.Vargas allowed construction of U. S. bases and airstrips 3. Brazilian infantry fought in Italy 1. 4. Mexican fighter pilots flew in Pacific 1. War spurred ISI 1. U. S. demand for agricultural exports increased 2. United States and Europe still unable to produce industrial goods 3. imply up and competition low for Latin American industry 4. Brazil, for example, enjoyed a huge trade surplus 1. Nationalism in 1945 1. Cultural solecism had taken place 1. Riveras murals in Mexicos government buildings 2. spat for Afro-Brazilian samba dancers . Carlos Gardel 1. Famed tango singer 2. Popul ar throughout Latin America 3. Career cut short by plane frighten away 1. 4. Gabriel Mistral 1. Chilean poet 2. First Latin American to win a Nobel evaluate 1. Many things remained unchanged 1. Central America virtually untouched by benefits of nationalism 1. Internal markets too small to support industrialization 2. Land-owning oligarchies had not ceded control 1. 2. Guatemala 1. German coffee growers had no interest in develop the country 2. Jorge Ubico 1. (i) Classic neocolonial dictator 2. ii) Main concern was promoting civilization and cultivating coffee 3. (iii) Wanted to be closest U. S. ally 1. United Fruit Company becomes single dominant economic enterprise 1. 3. El Salvador represented worst-case scenario 1. authoritarian Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez 1. Brutally defended coffee production 2. (ii) 1932 becomes known as the year of the lacing 3. (iii) Most of the more than 10,000 victims were indigenous 1. Indigenous Salvadorans slowly gave up signs of their identity 1 . 4.United States stopped nationalism in Central America and Caribbean 1. Batista in Cuba 2. several(prenominal) rulers owed their power to U. S. intervention 1. (i) Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua 2. (ii) Trujillo of Dominican Republic 1. (1) Motto God and Trujillo 2. (2) study nationalist effort was massacre of Haitian immigrants 1. 5. Rhetoric often outran reality in nationalist countries 1. Racism lingered 2. Urbanization created shantytowns 3. Rural areas of most countries aphorism no improvements 4. Countries remained technologically behind Europe and United StatesChapter