Management Yesterday and Today

8th edition Steven P. harles Renard C Robbins Mary colter LEARNING OUTLINE Follow this Learning Outline as you rede and cartoon this chapter. o? Historical Background of counseling ? scientific counseling o? General Administrative Theorists o? numerical Approach to circumspection ? Toward Understanding organisational Behavior o? The Systems Approach o? The misfortune Approach 22 Historical Background of focusing ? superannuated Management O Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) O Venetians (floating warship assembly lines) ? transport Smith O publish The Wealth of Nations in 1776 v Advocated he division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers ? Industrial Revolution O Substituted machine power for human labor O Created large organizations in need of counselling 23 Development of Major Management Theories face 2. 1 24 Major Approaches to Management ? scientific Management ? General Administrative possibleness ? Quantitative Management ? O rganizational Behavior ? Systems Approach ? Contingency Approach ? 25 Scientific Management ? Fredrick Winslow Taylor O The father of scientific anxiety O Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) vAssociated essay Scientific Management Theory in HealthcareThe theory of scientific circumspection ? Using scientific methods to square off the cardinal best way for a job to be through ? Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. ? Having a standardized method of doing the job. ? Providing an economic motivator to the worker. 26 Taylors Four Principles of Management 1.? Develop a science for each division of an individuals work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method. 2.? Scientifically acquire and then train, teach, and develop the worker. 3.? Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to command that all work is done n accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4.? depart work and responsibility almo st equally between management and workers. bear witness 2. 2 27 Scientific Management (contd) ? Frank and Lillian Gilbreth O Focused on increasing worker productivity through the lessening of wasted motion O positive the microchronometer to time worker motions and perfect performance ? How Do Todays Managers Use Scientific Management? O Use time and motion studies to increase productivity O Hire the best qualified employees O Design incentive systems found on output 28General Administrative Theorists ? Henri Fayol O Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational functions O Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizational situations ? Max Weber O Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal role of organization (bureaucracy) v Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism 29 Fayols 14 Principles of Management 1.? Division of work. 7.? Remuneration. 2.? Author ity. 8.? Centralization. 3.? Discipline. 9.? Scalar chain. 4.? mavin of command. 10.? Order. 5.?Unity of direction. 11.? Equity. 6.? Subordination of individual interest to the interests of the organization. 12.? Stability of tenure of personnel. 13.? Initiative. 14.? Esprit de corps. debunk 2. 3 210 Webers Ideal Bureaucracy Exhibit 2. 4 211 Quantitative Approach to Management ? Quantitative Approach O Also called operations research or management science O Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII army logistics and quality control problems O Focuses on improving managerial closing making by applying v Statistics, optimization models, information models, and omputer simulations 212 Understanding Organizational Behavior ? Organizational Behavior (OB) O The study of the actions of people at work people are the most outstanding asset of an organization ? Early OB Advocates O Robert Owen O Hugo Munsterberg O Mary Parker Follett O Chester Barnard 213 Early Advocates of OB Exhibit 2. 5 214 The Hawthorne Studies ? A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1927 to 1932. ? Experimental findings O Productivity unexpectedly increase under imposed adverse working conditions. O The effect of incentive plans was less than expected. ? Research conclusion O Social norms, group standards and attitudes much strongly influence individual output and work behavior than do monetary incentives. 215 The Systems Approach ? System delimitate O A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. ? Basic Types of Systems O unsympathetic systems v Are not influenced by and do not move with their environment (all system input and output is internal). O Open systems v Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs that are istributed into their environments. 216 The Organization as an Open System Exhibit 2. 6 217 The Contin gency Approach ? Contingency Approach Defined O Also sometimes called the situational approach. O There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. O Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. 218 Popular Contingency Variables ? Organization size ? Routineness of toil technology ? Environmental uncertainty ? Individual differences Exhibit 2. 7 219