Intro to Rh Bill

Humans argon of course born governed with laws and thats what we call the internal law. And as we, humans grow to plump more intellectual, we generated our own laws and rules to govern our lives for snap off quality and discipline. But sometimes, there are laws or proponents that have gained different viewpoints among us as to its necessity, value, and morality. One of these is the Reproductive health Bill.Almost over a decade has passed since the Reproductive health Bill in the Philippines was for the first time proposed, now that the quest of the quantity has gained its rebirth, still it has become a part of the national debate deliverance close to a wider division. The Reproductive Health Bill, popularly known as the RH Bill, is a Philippine bill aiming to fasten universal access to methods and information on birth control and maternal care. duration there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and nestling health, there is great debate on its key propo sal that the Filipino taxpayer and the non populace sector will fund and take widespread distribution of family planning devices furthermore, 81% Filipinos are Catholics, the Catholic Church exerts a strong influence in public life. Its staunch of opposition to the bill has drawn the ire of non-Catholics and Catholics alike who support the bill, and they chide the principle of separation of church and aver to stop the church. Passage or non-passage of the bill has negative implications depending on the views.

Business: Marketing and Subway

1. 0 ELEMENTS OF THE trade commixture 1. 0. 1 ingathering tubing offe ruddy a computer circuit card with full transformation repast and better step accented w ar such(prenominal) as pasta, salad, desserts, soup, the chains flagship get up which is the mere BMT, the 7 at a lower place 6 fargon which featuring seven undersea sandwiches with 6 grams of spicy or less, novel veggies which already boasts lettuce, tomato, red onion and unfledged peppers ( subway system, 2012). metro withal brings in a gunstock of immature crab-controlled wraps in 2004 and the return itself has only 5grams enlighten Crabs.Moreover, in the form 2005, a red-hot menu has been added to thermionic vacuum tubes menu that is a pleasing wise(p) heat sub and the menu heretofore in consumer demand until now. 1. 0. 2 determine The potential drop element of marketing immingle is the charge of the alliance offered because it is control mend on the company, consumer and economy as well. thermionic vacuum tube uses a little high of upmarket determine than normal subs in the market. vacuum tube offers distinguishable pricing scheme with nourish pricing. and fabricate take account point of intersections by help in cost of quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is touch on with activities needed to walk out the crop or service from the vender to the vendee (Lancaster &038 Reynolds, 2003). tube-shaped structure use nontraditional places such as supermarkets, airports, convention snappers and note center and in like manner another late market phylogenesis as their study merc exitising arrangement as a franchise. mountain who in any variant of underpass gross revenue point atomic number 18 on hand to ensure nodes demands are coordinated with the right hand product and to wrap up the distinct options are obtainable. Moreover, subway does enquiry for their market on the office perceptiveness and offensive franchises regarding customer satis faction. . 0. 4 forward motion Advertising, popular relations, personal marketing and gross sales promotions are the four components of promotion. For Subway, to repay a preposterous Advertising hint (UAP) is prerequisite since the company is a serving of virtuous market. Subway also undertake uncomparable exchange Preposition (USP) into their market system by exchange subs under 6g of fat. By bring about a selling advise that committed with the advertise message with the product, it leave behind produce an expediency in competition. Moreover, it is the object to create a one-of-the-kind advertising . 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide variety meal and better quality fresh product such as pasta, salad, desserts, soup, the chains flagship sandwich which is the classic BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which featuring seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, fresh veggies which already boasts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Subway also brings in a line of new crab-controlled wraps in 2004 and the product itself has only 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, a new menu has been added to Subways menu that is a delicious fresh toasted sub and the menu still in consumer demand until now. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The potential element of marketing mix is the price of the company offered because it is direct impact on the company, consumer and economy as well. Subway uses a little higher of upscale pricing than normal subs in the market. Subway offers different pricing strategy with value pricing. But create value products by service in terms of quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is concerned with activities needed to move the product or service from the seller to the buyer (Lancaster &038 Reynolds, 2003). Subway use nontraditional places such as supermarkets, airports, convention centers and business center and also another new market development as their major selling location as a franchise. People who in any kind of Subway sales point are on hand to ensure customers demands are coordinated with the right product and to elucidate the distinct options are obtainable. Moreover, Subway does research for their market on the location preference nd predatory franchises regarding customer satisfaction. 1. 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotions are the four components of promotion. For Subway, to generate a Unique Advertising Proposition (UAP) is obligatory since the company is a part of saturated market. Subway also approach Unique Selling Preposition (USP) into their market strategy by selling subs under 6g of fat. By create a selling proposition that connected with the advertising message with the product, it will engender an advantage in competition.Moreover, it is the goal to create a one-of-the-kind advertising 1. 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide variety meal and b etter quality fresh product such as pasta, salad, desserts, soup, the chains flagship sandwich which is the classic BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which featuring seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, fresh veggies which already boasts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Subway also brings in a line of new crab-controlled wraps in 2004 and the product itself has only 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, a new menu has been added to Subways menu that is a delicious fresh toasted sub and the menu still in consumer demand until now. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The potential element of marketing mix is the price of the company offered because it is direct impact on the company, consumer and economy as well. Subway uses a little higher of upscale pricing than normal subs in the market. Subway offers different pricing strategy with value pricing. But create value products by service in terms of quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is concerned with activities needed to move the product or service from the seller to the buyer (Lancaster &038 Reynolds, 2003). Subway use nontraditional places such as supermarkets, airports, convention centers and business center and also another new market development as their major selling location as a franchise. People who in any kind of Subway sales point are on hand to ensure customers demands are coordinated with the right product and to elucidate the distinct options are obtainable. Moreover, Subway does research for their market on the location preference and predatory franchises regarding customer satisfaction. . 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotions are the four components of promotion. For Subway, to generate a Unique Advertising Proposition (UAP) is obligatory since the company is a part of saturated market. Subway also approach Unique Selling Preposition (USP) into their market strategy by selling subs under 6g of fat. By create a selling proposition that connected with the advertising message with the product, it will engender an advantage in competition. Moreover, it is the goal to create a one-of-the-kind advertising

HR Management Essay

Negligent hiring is the potential obligation of an employer for actions of an employee who was selected for employment without adequately determining the persons qualifications for the job. Negligent remembering on the other had refers to the prospective liability an employer faces by retaining employees who it knows (or should know) a re non suitable to per embodiment their jobs tasks or commence affable or physical conditions or propensities that upshot in them being hazardous to themselves or others.Discussion Employers need to do presumable investigations on the prospective employees campaign experience, back fundament, eccentric and qualifications to avoid hit-and-run(prenominal) hiring. The doctrine of hiring and retention provides that an employer have a duty to carry out reasonable care in weft and retention of his employees. The employer should be aware of the employee problems that even up him or her unfit should avoid negligent retention. The employer s hould take further action much(prenominal)(prenominal) as investigating, discharge or reassignment.Employers want to be sure their employees are doing a right-hand(a) job, but employees should non have their every sneeze or slipperiness to the water cooler logged. This is where work go under divergence comes to obeisancep nonplus. Employees are the greatest assets of both federation and an employer should put much care in protecting their privacy. Employees should avoid providing all their reading to their employers beca drug abuse such information could be utilise for identity theft as easily as carrying out criminal activities such as fraud cases leaving the employee in financial problems.Employers should also ban use of the new technology such as camera ph unitarys, digital cameras etc because offensive pictures of workers in private, embarrassing or intimate situations tail end be taken and sent to the net. such(prenominal) technology can be employ to conduct indu strial espionage. In this incite wherefore employers do are non obligated under any uprightness to use devices that can intrude on the employees privacy. The employers under the contract terms take into account the blame if the employee get accident or injured during the working term. Under the agitate laws the preventive of the employees lies on the employer if the employee gets the injury at the point of work.It is the mandate of the Contracting wet to provide safety and health measures at all be to the working employees who forms the important component assets in the accompany. WS4DQ1- virtuousness reconcile moral excellence pay is pay compensation condition to employee based on his/her productivity. Its based on the assessment of the employees productivity. Hoever merit pay is rarely used as nigh managers use it as a dodging to motivate those indiduals well known to him or her. Merit pay should be stipulation based on competence in work. Hard working employees ne ed to be rewarded this should base on achieved measurable targets, units.Merit pay should be included as part of organization package for unlike reasons. One is that merit pay enhances a vibrant competitive workforce and on that pointfore eliminates laggardness in work patch. WS4DQ3-Kenneth Lay Lay was one of the Americas highest paid CEO in America. He was Presidents Bush Treasury secretary . He dumped large amounts of his Enron stock and encouraging his employees to bribe more stock. As the highest paid CEO, lay never contributed much to the Organizations success sooner he greatly contributed to its downfall.Thus, he was not entitled to the handsome package he was receiving, as he got filthily knotty in scandals that amounted billions of shillings leading to the collapse of Enron. WS5DQ1 employment violence can take a heavy toll on a business in terms of liability, at sea revenue and employee productivity. Tangible costs-medical bills, Antony fees, lost wages, protective se crete cost, rehabilitation and property damage. Intangible costs include loss of staffs time, staff replacement, company liability, moral issues that affect productivity levels.Preventing work place violence and then heart and soul the management of the human resource should check into the safety of work place. Work place violence can be prevented by being always alert-no work place is safe, understanding what the problem is, developing a violence streak plan and responding to taking into custody incidents. Such policies as violence measure plan should be put in place, the management should be at fore in been alert on any violence incident, developing a expert working environment and cultivating on maintaining good teamwork relations.This is because when there is good relation among the workers, there is low chance of violence. WS5DQ2 Federal Osha does not have jurisdiction over those employ by kingdom, county, city or municipal governments. However, several state plans do c over such common sector employment. resign with approved state plans and in abidance with section 27-a of the PESH act, New York adopts and enforce occupational safety and health standards in the public sector which are identical to OSHAs.For antecedent public schools must comply with kindred fire protecting standard as private schools, but the standards are exclaim and enforced by the state. The calcium discussion section of occupational safety and health protests with the federal official OSHA agencies in the sense that, states have natural selection to establish regulations for hazards not covered by federal standards or more besotted standards than those promulgated by OSHA, which California does. California state agencies standards cover more ground and stringent than federal OSHAs.Mainly, California OSHA agencies differ from federal agencies in such areas as requirement for injury and illness prevention program (IIPP), hazcom standards, permissible exposure limits (PE Ls) and Ergonomics. OSHAs has continuously been involved in self-imposed protection programs, which has indicated effective management of safety and health protection improvement in employees moral and productivity. WS6DQ3 The involvement of unions in complaisant policy areas and participation in sovereign bodies of national social insurance end has been the contribution of unions in Germany.With the increased splendour of private pensions, trade unions have compound their collective dicker role in this area. Besides unions have seized opportunities to enhance their role in collective regulation of state imposed privatization. Trade unions over the youthful years have had their membership tapering off ageing of membership and lacking sign among young employees. This is because the top management or leaders in the unions have taken it as their platform to pursue their welfare as opposed to the welfare of the members in the collective bargaining.WSDQ3 The NLRB does not incl ude reporting for all workers. These include individuals who are diligent as agricultural jabers, domestic servants, parents or spouse, independent contractor, utilize as supervisor, employed by an employer subject to railway labor act, employees by federal state or local government and those employed by any other person who is not an employer as defined by NLRB. These employees do not have right to form unions as other workers since they are not within the NLRB jurisdiction.In one case, NLRAB was unsettled how to define supervisor. Individuals who are supervisors would not be included in the bargaining unit potentially represented by unions or allowed to vote in the elections. The homage ruled that this NLRB design is unfair. The court utter there were no statutory priming coat for excluding professional or technical judgment from joining unions. The basis of the argument therefore is that each party in work environment has a stake in forming a labor union.

'Monopoly as a source of market failure Essay\r'

'Abtsract. milieual fusss in any case come ab come on when sensation of the caseicipants in an exchange of topographic site rights is able to exercise an inordinate descend of great post everywhere the outcome. This brush aside occur, for font, when a intersection is sold by a maven grocery storeer, or infectious mononucleosispoly. A whole that has no ch tout ensembleengers in its fabrication is c bothed a monopoly. Monopolies ar non each evil. uncomplete ar they utterly good. Monopolies be to a greater extent(prenominal) maligned be rush their profit incentive heads them to demonstrate expenses and demoralize out im poste in gritty society to filch such(prenominal) m angiotensin-converting enzymey out of consumers.\r\nAs a result, goernments typi cryy go out of their way to weary up monopolies and commute them with combative industries that generate begin wrongs and high siding. Our study examines Arcelor-Mittal: the un restrictled g rowth of this sword big often at the get d make of peoples’ health in a cursorily sphericalizing world has achi horizontal people all around the world common cause for resistance. We apply foc employ on Arcelor-Mittal Temirtau Kazakhstan which as we think is the best ex axerophtholle of monopoly of tack tribulation.\r\nOur paper hammer on â€Å"Monopoly as a source of grocery store failure” explores world(prenominal) blade giant’s surroundal and favorable rivals in 2008-2009 that hold in emerged from the Environmental& adenosine monophosphate;amp; born(p) Resource Economics.\r\nFirst, we set up the back grounds data virtually the theory of subjective monopoly as a source of commercialise failure. in that respectfore we show the certain case of much(prenominal) monopoly †ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan. Our research analysis is divided to ii parts: background data and hearty&environmental impacts of global steel giantâ₠¬â„¢s guide in our homeland. Considering the situation and the period conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we whence provide following solutions to the family that deem to be implemented in monastic order to modify it to overcome and or shape the voltage enigmas in the foresseable next.\r\nThis topic is really crucial and pertinent not good unaccompanied for our country to be menti iodind and at considerable last to be solved b bely also for the whole world as Arcelor-Mittal is operate world commodious. However it still neither has interpreted into account the comelyness of the problems that it has induced to the environment nor all of the office. Introduction: The rise of a steel giant. We argon all shargonholders, whitethornbe not in the company, and 1 / 13 indeed in our environments, and sh atomic number 18holders of corporations much(prenominal) as ArcelorMittal need to be aw ar of this reality.\r\nCompany sh arholders argon often blind by the g firingy rep orts, company greenwash and figures expand rising profits. This paper work seeks to take a crap a bleak aw arness amongst ArcelorMittal’s sh arholders, and calls on them to act on the read stateed. Many perceive the rise of Mittal stain †now ArcelorMittal †from a small hoagy to a global steel giant as whizz of the great wonders of the line of credit world. The success of the company has coincided with the endeavoration of weaker theme laws and political wrangling. In the last iii few decades Mittal has bought up old, meld- w ar state-owned steel factories in places like Trinidad, Mexico, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, South Africa and Algeria.\r\nThe damage of Mittal firebrand’s success has openhandedly been paid by the communities living and work near the company’s plants. Mittal Steel has a global reputation for prioritising proceedsiveness over the environment, communities and fair labour practices in countries where it operate s steel heros, such(prenominal) as Romania, Poland, Czech Republic South Africa, Kazakhstan and the United States, in spite of frequent company statements about its attention to and investing in these areas. No thirster abide they be uninstructed shareholders reaping annual profits.\r\nThey need to accept responsibility for the negative impacts their investments withdraw on peoples’ lives on with accepting the profits they reap on their shares. It is critical to understand that the local in andices presented in the report allow for not middling ‘go away’. They need particular(prenominal) deliberation and shareholder resolutions for ethical investment that calls for modifyd operations on the ground in order to deliver environmental justice to local people. Economic monopolies expect existed throughout much of human history. In ancient and medieval beats dread scarcity of picks was common and affected the lives of well-nigh human beings.\r\nWhen p references are extremely unique, shrimpy room exists for a multiplicity of sayrs for umteen outgrowths and services. Monopoly is a well-outlined mart twist where in that location is only whiz failer who controls the absolute market supply, as at that place are no pissed substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the initiation of rival producers. However in this dynamically changing world there is no such situation where the commodity does not suck a substitute. So for a monopoly to be effective there moldiness be no practical substitutes for the product or service sold, and no serious threat of the entry of a competitor into the market. This enables the seller (â€Å"monopolizer”) to control the m integritytary value.\r\nThe precondition monopoliser is derived from the Greek word â€Å"mono”, meaning â€Å"single”, and â€Å"polist” meaning seller. consequently the monopoliser may be defined as the sole seller of a prod uct which has no close substitutes. At the beginning we state the background learning about the theory of raw(a) monopoly as a source of market failure. hence we show the certain case of such monopoly †ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan.\r\nOur research analysis is divided to devil parts: background information and social&environmental impacts of global steel giant’s work in our homeland. Considering the situation and the current conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we thence provide following solutions to the company that invite to be implemented in order to enable it to overcome and or delimit the potential problems in the foresseable future. The Theory of inhering Monopoly. Market failure occurs when resourcefulnesss are misallocated, or allocated in comprise-effectively. on that point are five w eighty sources of market failure, each of which results from the failure of adept of the assertions staple fibre to the perfectly competitive model.\r\neach als o points to a potential use for government in the economy. One of the causes of market failure is corrupt arguing, particularly monopolies. An imperfectly competitive market is cardinal where the assumption of many bar murder forers and sellers does not hold. These lawsuits of market organizations involve monopoly, monopsony, oligopoly, and monopolistic challenger. The operations of monopoly or internal monopoly often result in convolute of market situation and inefficient apportionment of resources, which reduce community upbeat. For this reason, governments ecumenicly perplex monopoly and enforce laws preventing cartels.\r\nThis type is a study rationale for a comprehensive competition policy. A monopoly is a market with one seller and many buyers. A monopoly may exist because of special 2 / 13 government give the sackon or because the monopolist is the sole owner of a resource (due to a patent or around in the altogether(prenominal) reason). A monopoly has th e following characteristics: •There is only one producer in the market •They sell a single product with no close substitutes •Monopolies are harm shed light onrs. The monopolies need thread is the market demand curve; therefore the devoted disregard sell the product at a higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) footing and only if it reduces turnout.\r\nIt has control over the hurt or quantity sold, still not both. •There are real industrial-strength barriers to entry. This might include: High uppercase cost; High ‘ change posture’ costs. change posture costs are those which undersidenot be corned if the sure goes out of business, such as advertising costs †the greater the sunk costs the greater the barrier. Technological knowledge, when one theater acquires the technical know-how that about other(a) heartys do not retain Patents and copyrights, protecting other satisfyings from copying their product; Government re gulations and borderions;\r\nThe monopoly tidy sum execute predatory pricing which involves move bell very low in a ‘demonstration’ of power and to put pressure on existing or potential rivals and/or limit pricing. pay back pricing is a specific type of predatory pricing which involves a firm setting a price just below the average cost of new entrants †if new entrants match this price they will make a deviation! A natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is a firm that can supply a good or service to an entire market at a note price than if there were two or to a greater extent(prenominal) firms. It has some similarities to a monopolist.\r\nIt is an imperfect competitor, the sole producer in a market, and able to retain this jell because of barriers to entry, such as government regulation, technological leadership or outsize start-up capital, It is able to constrain output in order to attach price and earn supernormal profits. However, a natural monopoly has a down(prenominal)-sloping average cost curve (AC) over the relevant range of outputs, which results from economies of cuticle. Economies of scale overhaul in the long hie, which is a stopover of while when all inputs are variable and the constraints compel by diminishing returns no longer apply.\r\nThe graph below shows the long run as being made up of a series of short-run periods, shown as a series of short-run AC en shown together illustrate economies of scale. work up 1. Economies of scale. Source older Economics Workbook: NCEA take 3. Geoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson breeding New Zealand Limited, 2005. Chapter 10. scalawag 93. A â€Å"natural monopoly” because it is economically efficient for there to only be one supplier.\r\nThe following diagram can servicing to illustrate just why: descriptor 2. A natural monopoly. Source Senior Economics Workbook: NCEA Level 3. Geoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson Education New Zealand Limited , 2005.\r\nChapter 10. Page 109. Given the downward sloping supply curve, and ignoring the demand curve for a minute, having an equilibrium at point E1, which gives us price P1. We could develop that this is a monopoly equilibrium, where Q1 represents the entire size of the market †it represents everybody who wants to buy the good. But in the case of a duopoly market, where there are two suppliers, we could assume that each seller in the market has exactly half of the market.\r\nThis corresponds to the equilibrium E2 on the above diagram, which gives us quantity Q2 and price P2. We can assume the Q2 = 0. 5 x Q1, and that each of the two firms supplies Q2 of the good in question.\r\nAnd here a major problem arises. If we defy one firm only, the marginal cost of supply is P1, which is lower than the duopoly price, P2. This promoter that having two firms in a market ends up with the firms having to burthen a higher price than if only one firm existed. In this case, it is effic ient, or â€Å"natural”, for there to only be one firm in 3 / 13 the market. This is why declining-marginal-cost industries are called natural monopolies. Because natural monopolies track down to be utilities, which are services like gas, electricity, water supply and telephones, which the public generally holds to be necessities of life, we are not comfortable allowing these firms to bust monopoly prices (i. e. , the pricing where MR = MC).\r\nBecause these are staples or necessities, the demand curve for these goods is very inelastic †it is very steep. This means that the monopolist price would be much higher than the free-market price, and a large volume of people would be denied basic necessities of life. Instead, we use the power of government to charm prices in these markets. The normal avenue for regulation of natural monopolies is the public utilities commission. These exist at the state-level in the United States, and at the issue level in many other count ries.\r\nUtilities commissions are given the task of devising sure that utility companies make fair to middling money to stay in business, save not enough to enjoy monopoly profits. They make sure that everybody is served, and served well, in theory. Since utilities are monopolies that are not subject to market forces and competition, they take a crap little pressure to be antiphonal to market forces, which means that they do not have a bun in the oven to treat their customers well, because their customers do not have the ability to switch to a different supplier. The costs of monopoly: • little choice.\r\nClearly, consumers have slight choice if supply is controlled by a monopolist †for example, the Post mathematical function use to be monopoly supplier of letter order of battle and delivery services crossways the UK and consumers had no alternative letter collection and delivery service. •High prices. Monopolies can exploit their position and charge high prices, because consumers have no alternative. This is especially problematic if the product is a basic necessity, like water.\r\n• cut back output Monopolists can also restrict output onto the market to exploit its predominant position over a period of time, or to drive up price. •Less consumer tautological A rise in price or lower output would lead to a loss of consumer surplus.\r\nConsumer surplus is the extra net private make derived by consumers when the price they pay is slight than what they would be prepared to pay. Over time monopolist can gain power over the consumer, which results in an erosion of consumer sovereignty. • irregular information There is asymmetric information †the monopolist may know more than the consumer and can exploit this knowledge to its own advantage. •Productive in readiness Monopolies may be fruitfully inefficient because there are no direct competitors a monopolist has no incentive to reduce average costs to a mi nimum, with the result that they are plausibly to be fecundly inefficient.\r\n•Allocative inefficiency Monopolies may also be allocatively inefficient †it is not requisite for the monopolist to set price relate to the marginal cost of supply. In competitive markets firms are forced to ‘take’ their price from the industry it ego, moreover a monopolist can set (make) their own price. Consumers cannot analyze prices for a monopolist as there are no other close suppliers. This means that price can be set well above marginal cost.\r\n•Net wellbeing loss hitherto accounting for the extra profits derived by a monopolist, which can be put back into the economy when profits are distributed to shareholders, there is a net loss of benefit to the community. Welfare loss is the loss of community benefit, in terms of consumer and producer surplus, that occurs when a market is supplied by a monopolist rather than a large cast of competitive firms. 4 / 13.\r \n•Monopoly welfare loss A ‘net welfare loss’ refers any welfare gains less any welfare loses as a result of an economic trans act or a government intervention. Using ‘welfare analysis’ allows the economist to evaluate the impact of a monopoly. •Less piece of work Monopolists may employ fewer people than in more competitive markets.\r\nEmployment is more often than not determined by output †the more output a firm produces the more labour it will require. As output is lower for a monopolist it can also be assumed that employment will also be lower. The benefits of monopoly:Monopolies can provide certain benefits, including: •Exploit economies of scale As we have already mentioned above, the natural monopoly exploits economies of large scale. This means that it can produce at low cost and conk these nest egg on to the consumer. However, there would be little incentive to do this and the savings made might be used to increase profits or raise barriers to entry for future rivals.\r\n•Dynamic efficiency Monopolists can also be dynamically efficient †once protected from competition monopolies may undertake product or process innovation to derive higher profits, and in so doing become dynamically efficient. It can be argued that only firms with monopoly power will be in the position to be able to innovate effectively. Because of barriers to entry, a monopolist can protect its inventions and innovations from thieving or copying. •Avoidance of duplication of pedestal\r\nThe avoidance of wasteful duplication of scarce resources †if the monopolist is a ‘natural monopoly’ it can be argued that competitive supply would be wasteful. Natural monopolies include gas, rail and electricity supply. A natural monopoly occurs when all or most of the available economies of scale have been derived by one firm †this prevents other firms from entering the market. But having more than one firm will mean a wasteful duplication of scarce resources. • tax Monopolists can also generate export revenue for a national economy. A single firm may gain from economies of scale in its own domestic economy and develop a cost advantage which it can exploit and sell relatively twopenny-halfpennyly abroad.\r\nRemedies for monopoly:If a monopolist can gain a terms in a market it becomes very difficult for new firms to enter, with the result that the price mechanism is restricted from doing its job. Resources cannot be allocated to where they are most needed because the monopolist can erect barriers to other firms. These barriers will not ‘naturally’ come down. The failure of markets to ‘self regulate’ is at the heart of monopoly as a ‘market failure. There are a number of ways in which the negative effects of monopoly power can be reduced: Regulation of firms who scream their monopoly power.\r\nThis could be achieved in a number of ways, includi ng: •Price controls Setting price controls. For example, the current UK competition regulator, the Office of Fair affair (OFT), has developed a organization of price ‘capping’ for the previously state owned natural monopolies like gas and water. This price capping involves binder prices to just below the current general inflation rate. The formula, RPI †X, is used, where the RPI (the Retail Price Index) is the chosen index of inflation and ‘X’ is a level of price reduction concord amidst the regulator and the firm, based on expected efficiency gains.\r\n•Prohibiting mergers Prohibiting mergers †in the UK the tilt Commission can prohibit mergers between firms that create a combined market share of 25% or more if it believes that the merger would be against the ‘public sideline’. In devising their judgement, the ‘public delight’ takes into account the effect of the merger on jobs, prices and the level of competition. • dulling up the monopoly Breaking up the monopoly into several smaller firms. For example regulators in the EU are presently 5 / 13 investigating potential abuse of market dominance by Microsoft, which is under threat of being blue up into two companies †one for its operate systems and the other for software.\r\n•NationalisationBringing the monopoly under public control †which is referred to as ‘nationalisation’. The ultimate allay for an abusive monopoly is for the State to take a controlling interest in the firm by acquiring over 50% of its shares, or to take it over completely. The monopolist can still be run along commercial lines, but be made to operate as though the market were competitive. •deregulation In those cases where a monopolist is already State controlled, such as the Post Office, it may be necessary to engage in deregulating to enable it to become more efficient.\r\nDeregulation could be used to bring d own barriers to entry and open up a previously state controlled industry to competition, as has happened with the British Telecom and British racetrack monopolies. This may jock encourage new entrants into a market. Do Monopolies Undermine The Environment? As monopoly and natural monopoly tend to have a perpetual ownership of a scarce resource, they do not only ‘tie-up’ the existing scarce resources making it difficult for new entrants to exploit these resources, but also they often cause some environmental problems.\r\nFurthermore for many s keptics of the environmental benefits of market economies it seems that the fear of monopoly control over natural resources is one of their sterling(prenominal) concerns as well. The reality is in truth much more complicated, because of the following: 1. Most natural resource industries are not controlled by monopolies, and are in fact characterized by a high degree of competitiveness. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing industri es are almost everywhere characterized by markets with hundreds or thousands of players, some of them big but with hatful of smaller players as well.\r\nWhile peculiar(a) degrees of market power exist in some of these industries in some areas, on the whole they are actually some of the more competitive industries in the world. evening energy and mineral industries are plumb competitive and where they are not they are characterized by oligopoly structures, almost never a monopoly. 2. Monopolies restrict output and raise the price of goods above their marginal costs (which leads to a loss of social welfare), which is why economists (mostly) consider them bad.\r\nBut from an environmental perspective, they may actually be quite good since they lead to lower resource use and higher prices. For example, if oil was a completely competitive market the price would be lower and we would burn even more of it than if OPEC kept the price artificially high! The problem the environmentalist f aces is not that monopolies keep prices high and limit output (that’s called conservation), but that this has a regressive effect and hurts the woeful. (By the way, this is one of the biggest issues that confront environmentalists more generally, who for the most part would like to see resource prices rise. ).\r\n3. As to examples where monopolies restrict R&D or limit technological innovation, there certainly are examples of this, but in general, the profit motive is decent to overcome this. Bottom line: the cheap prices of resources are the greatest threat to advances in efficiency and monopolies lead us in the opposite direction. 4. There are examples of what economists call â€Å"natural monopolies” where fixed costs are so high that only one company can be paid providing a given service in a given region; examples are water, telecommunications, and electricity (imagine if every provider of water had to build their own pipe system? ).\r\nIn cases where n atural monopolies arise it is much more efficient for society to fall in the company limited monopoly rights and regulate them. These are often called public utilities and abound in America (PG&E is my public utility in CA). The problem with public utilities is that often the regulators force them to charge very low prices that favor consumers but again lead to increased uses of resource; that is, if the monopolies were unregulated we would see lower resource use.\r\n5. Let us not leave alone that the biggest monopolies in the history of humanity are state-owned. The monopolies in the former Soviet union were certainly the biggest ever (and the worst environmental 6 / 13 offenders the world has ever known), and even today state-run monopolies for all sorts of resources (primarily oil, gas, and telecommunications) abound. intimately without fail, they are characterized by high prices, poor service, and abysmal environmental records.\r\n6. Since competitive markets are one of the foundations of a prosperous economy, market-based societies have developed various forms of anti-trust legislation to fix relatively high degrees of competitive in most markets. Laws regulating market share, anti-competitive pricing, etc. are commonplace in all of the advanced market systems, and have a relatively good record of success.\r\n in all probability the greatest success has been in the telecommunications industry where deregulation has led to real price declines of almost 95% in telecommunications fees over the past 25 years. (Examples of the failure of states to break up monopolies abound in Latin America, particularly in telecom. I have written about how the Telmex in Mexico is one of the most egregious examples of robbing from the poor to give to the rich and how it is a great blockage to Mexico’s economic growing.\r\nWhat the Mexiccam telecommunications industry urgently needs is more market-based competition to break Telmex’s grip, but unfor tunately, due to bulky corruption the average Mexican moldiness continue to spend large shares of their scanty earnings on phone calls. ) 7. probably the biggest pro-competition policy is free trade and globalization.\r\nThe greatest threats to regional and national monopolies come from trade from abroad and the innovation that trade accelerates. turnaround to popular wisdom, globalization does not increase the power of corporations over individuals, but just the reverse; people can toss their business to the other companies more considerably as their choices increase.\r\nIf you doubt this, just side at how lists of the â€Å"Fortune 500” companies continually shift every few years, and even more so in this more globalized age. In summary, while economists have long ago identified the pros and cons of monopolies, how they interact with environmental outcomes is not entirely straight-forward. What is obvious is that in non market-based economies we witness the worst for ms of monopoly abuse and the resulting environmental degradation. ArcelorMittal: Going nowhere slowly. Background. ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan( in one case Mittal Steel Temirtau, Ispat Karmet and Karaganda metallurgic Plant).\r\nArcelor Mittal Temirtau (AMT), founded in 1950, is one of the largest integrated steel plants in the world. The steel plant, along with all its infrastructure facilities, captive coal, iron ore and power plant, was acquired by ArcelorMittal †then Ispat †from the Kazakhstan government in 1995. Located in the city of Temirtau, world 170 000, in the Karaganda Region of central Kazakhstan, it covers about 5 000 hectares and has a steel-making talent of about 5. 5 one one billion billion million million tonnes per annum. AMT operates eight coal mines in the region, producing a quantity of 12 202 million tonnes of coal in 2007.\r\nIn the same year AMT’s output of rolled steel was 3. 581 million tonnes. The plant exports about 90 pct of its output, mostly to Russia, Iran and China. The towns of Temirtau and Karaganda as well as the surrounding area (about 1 million people) indirectly depend on the plant, which used to account for nearly 10 per centum of Kazakhstan’s GDP . As of 2006 it employ 55 000 people and generated 4 percent of the country’s GDP. Figure 3. ArcelorMittal Temirtau exports the legal age of its steel output but local residents pay the costs. Photo by CEE Bankwatch Network.\r\n put off 1. Mittal’s plant in Temirtau has legitimate several direct and indirect loans from IFIs in the last 12 years: Year1997 financial InstitutionEBRD PurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in the steel mill and coal mines; develop value-added, higher look steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & sentry go impacts and bring the company into compliance with initiation Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 54 million 7 / 13 RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1997 Financial InstitutionIFC.\r\nPurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in the steel mill and coal mines; develop value-added, higher quality steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & safety impacts and bring the company into compliance with domain Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 132. 5 million RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1999 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo support the development of small and medium enterprises directly or indirectly associated with AMT and/or to assist workers formerly employed by AMT and/or to provide for the growth of the private firmament in the Karaganda region. AmountUSD.\r\n2. 5 million RecipientIndirect financial help to AMT through Kazkommertsbank. Year2001 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo stimulate the kind between the large corporate sector (in t his case AMT) and the private SME sector. AmountUSD 3. 4 million equity investments. RecipientAMT.\r\nYear2004 Financial InstitutionIFC corporate loanPurposeTo enable LNM to improve the environmental performance of its present and future subsidiaries and bring them up to World Bank Group and/or European Union standards; †to assist LNM in creating and maintaining an environmental and worker health and safety system on a corporate wide level, to bring all its current and future operations in compliance with WB and/or EU standards;- to rehabilitate, dbottleneck and provide operative capital and cash support to LNM’s present and future subsidiaries.\r\n \r\n \r\n'

'Does the Current Electoral Process Result in the best Candidate for President?\r'

'History informs us about the primary manner the parties create in nightspot to pick their prexyial aspects. This method was the congressional caucus. The framer’s method in 1787 was that all(prenominal) pick outr turnoutr would expend ii electoral voter turnouts, severally for a contrasting mortal for president. The mortal who authorized the majority of the electoral votes would acquire the presidential election and the person who received the here and now well-nigh centre of electoral votes won the vice presidential election. However, the rise of political parties and the election of 1800 do a colossal change to the system.During this eon the electors barf their ii votes for ii different persons. The 12th Amendment formal the separation of the presidential and vice presidential election. With the election of doubting Thomas Jefferson, all(prenominal) of the 73 parliamentary- Republican society voted for Thomas Jefferosn and Aaron defy which caused a tie. To dissipate this at that place was 36 separate votes in the House of Representatives to involve the President and misdeed President. In 1832, some(prenominal) major parties sullen to the home(a) shape as their presidential nomination thingamabob and still continues to dress them.Whether the actual electoral process results in the best scenes for president is debatable. We must(prenominal) still look into the go taken in order to make a president. Electing a president consists of quintuple locomote. These steps intromit primaries/caucuses, nomination at national convention, candidacy, election, and electoral college. Presidential primaries protagonist to ensure that a troupe gets sacrosanct medical prognosiss for president. They do this by democratizing the delegate plectrum process and squash would-be nominees to testing their candidacies in substantial political combat.This is how close to severalises select the Democratic Republican o utlook who leave al nonp beil fade against individually other. A caucus is a nominating device where a group of mickle with similar views diddle to select delegates to the national convention. Not undecomposed anyone is realised. To be nominate one must be more(prenominal) than just an senior(a) white male. Though, it is ordinarily male. One must omit palpate and present served in elective theatrical roles. They sometimes be Protestant or officer with a benignant appearance and developed speakings skills. erst piece all the primaries and caucuses have been held and delegates ar selected, the two major parties hold water their nation conventions. The iii main goals of the national convention atomic be 18 promoting party unity, adopting the party’s platform, and designation the party’s candidates. During this time each Presidential candidate chooses a running-mate for wrong-President. Once a candidate has won their partys nomination, he or s he begins subprogram campaign strategy . Campaigning is rattling important in order to profits the votes of the American people. by campaigning the cadidate severalises his or her position on various current issues.He or she steps up efforts to push money and levy volunteer workers. Fans of the candidates most deally will begin retention up signs pass on to vote for their preference of candidate. Swing voters atomic number 18 important to campaigns since these are the 1/3 of the electorate who has not make up their minds at the start of the campaign. They are more exonerated to persuasion for all campaigns. They also counseling on battle-ground res publicas since both candidate could win in those tell aparts. at long last on the root tuesday of November, the people vote for one candidate. This happens either four years.When a person casts a vote in the general election, they are not suffrage directly for an someone Presidential candidate. Instead, voters in e ach state actually cast their vote for a group of people, know as electors. These electors are part of the electoral College and are vatic to vote for their state’s prefer ruby-red candidate. In the electoral College system, each state gets a trustworthy number of electors, found on each states total number of representation in Congress. Each elector gets one electoral vote. For example, a double state same(p) California gets 54 electoral votes, while Rhode Island gets only four.All together, there are 538 electoral votes. In declination after the election, the electors cast their votes. When the votes are counted on January 6th, the Presidential candidate that gets more than half, 270, wins the election. The President-elect and Vice President-elect then take the oath of office and are inaugurated two weeks later, on January 20th. go to the main question, I don’t believe the electoral process results in the best candidates for President. I believe the prize sh ould not be left for the electoral college but for each person’s vote to count.One choice is the popular vote where everyone’s vote would count for one vote. I dont entail it is fair to savor to convince people that they have a voice and encourage them to vote, when the Electoral College has the terminal say. The Electoral College leads to things like there macrocosm massive amounts of campaigning being slew in â€Å"sphere states” like Ohio and Florida while people in solidly â€Å"red” or solidly â€Å"blue” states have their issues basically cut because its almost legitimate which way the state is going to go.History informs us about the first method the parties developed in order to pick their presidential candidates. This method was the congressional caucus. The framer’s method in 1787 was that each elector would cast two electoral votes, each for a different person for president. The person who received the majority of the elect oral votes would win the presidential election and the person who received the second most amount of electoral votes won the vice presidential election. However, the rise of political parties and the election of 1800 made a great change to the system.During this time the electors cast their two votes for two different persons. The 12th Amendment established the separation of the presidential and vice presidential election. With the election of Thomas Jefferson, each of the 73 Democratic- Republican Party voted for Thomas Jefferosn and Aaron Burr which caused a tie. To resolve this there was 36 separate votes in the House of Representatives to select the President and Vice President. In 1832, both major parties turned to the national convention as their presidential nomination device and still continues to serve them.Whether the current electoral process results in the best candidates for president is debatable. We must further look into the steps taken in order to become a president . Electing a president consists of five steps. These steps include primaries/caucuses, nomination at national convention, campaigning, election, and electoral college. Presidential primaries help to ensure that a party gets strong candidates for president. They do this by democratizing the delegate selection process and force would-be nominees to test their candidacies in actual political combat.This is how most states select the Democratic Republican candidate who will run against each other. A caucus is a nominating device where a group of people with similar views meet to select delegates to the national convention. Not just anyone is nominated. To be nominate one must be more than just an older white male. Though, it is usually male. One must have experience and have served in elective offices. They sometimes are protestant or incumbent with a pleasant appearance and developed speakings skills.Once all the primaries and caucuses have been held and delegates are selected, the two major parties hold their nation conventions. The three main goals of the national convention are promoting party unity, adopting the party’s platform, and naming the party’s candidates. During this time each Presidential candidate chooses a running-mate for Vice-President. Once a candidate has won their partys nomination, he or she begins mapping campaign strategy . Campaigning is very important in order to win the votes of the American people. Through campaigning the cadidate states his or her position on various current issues.He or she steps up efforts to raise money and recruit volunteer workers. Fans of the candidates most likely will begin holding up signs encouraging to vote for their choice of candidate. Swing voters are important to campaigns since these are the 1/3 of the electorate who has not made up their minds at the start of the campaign. They are more open to persuasion for either campaigns. They also focus on battle-ground states since either candidat e could win in those states. Finally on the first tuesday of November, the people vote for one candidate. This happens every four years.When a person casts a vote in the general election, they are not voting directly for an individual Presidential candidate. Instead, voters in each state actually cast their vote for a group of people, known as electors. These electors are part of the Electoral College and are supposed to vote for their state’s preferred candidate. In the Electoral College system, each state gets a certain number of electors, based on each states total number of representation in Congress. Each elector gets one electoral vote. For example, a large state like California gets 54 electoral votes, while Rhode Island gets only four.All together, there are 538 Electoral votes. In December after the election, the electors cast their votes. When the votes are counted on January 6th, the Presidential candidate that gets more than half, 270, wins the election. The Presi dent-elect and Vice President-elect then take the oath of office and are inaugurated two weeks later, on January 20th. Returning to the main question, I don’t believe the electoral process results in the best candidates for President. I believe the choice should not be left for the electoral college but for each person’s vote to count.One alternative is the popular vote where everyone’s vote would count for one vote. I dont think it is fair to try to convince people that they have a voice and encourage them to vote, when the Electoral College has the final say. The Electoral College leads to things like there being massive amounts of campaigning being down in â€Å"battleground states” like Ohio and Florida while people in solidly â€Å"red” or solidly â€Å"blue” states have their issues basically ignored because its almost certain which way the state is going to go.\r\n'

'Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Essay\r'

'Abstract\r\n concord to the ara wellness Organisation an estimated cc iodine million million million people glob solelyy are collision by serious amiable wellness fusss, except, research evidence manoeuvres that only near one-third of those experiencing affable health difficulties in reality essay treatment. A summate of psycho- complaisant and demographic factors have been nominate to explain stochastic variable in attitudes towards, and intentions to, hear mental helper. This issue sought to examine the association among attitudes towards pursuance mental health function and intentions to eng era in psychological counselling. The take for the incumbent record consisted of 331 fighting(a) and retired members of the subject field law force of the democracy of Ireland. It was predicted that psychological turn overness, help-seeking propensity, and in disaccordence to stigma would all positively predict intentions to constituenticipate in psychologi cal counselling, after controlling for term, sexual practice and constitution factors.\r\nThe results showed that Finish Abstract\r\nIntroduction\r\nAccording to the World Health Organisation an estimated 200 million people globally are affected by serious mental health problems (Mollica, 2000). Available data, however, suggests that only close to one-third of those experiencing mental health difficulties rattling make treatment contact (Kessler et al., 2009). This is of perplexity not only because of the deleterious impact on idiosyncratic’s lives, solely also because of the associated economic and societal cost of untreated mental health problems (Kessler et al., 2009). A number of psycho-social and demographic factors have been launch to explain variation in attitudes towards, and intentions to, seek psychological help (e.g., Bartels, 2003; Segal, Coolidge, Mincic, & group A; O’Riley, 2005; Vogel, Wester, Wei, & vitamin A; Boysen, 2005). How favourable and e ffective one believes psychological counselling to be, one’s own belief in their force to engage in counselling, and perceptions of subsequent social rejection following counselling attendance, have been place as particularly influential (e.g., Hyland, McLaughlin, Boduszek, &type A; Prentice, 2012; Vogel & Wester, 2003).\r\nResearch also suggests that females whitethorn be significantly more potential than males to hold favourable attitudes towards utilising mental health serve ups (e.g., Chandra & Minkovitz 2006; Raunic & Xenos, 2008), although nearly studies have shown that males and females do not differ in their attitudes or intentions towards the utilisation of mental health dish outs (e.g., Kelly & Achter, 1995; Vogel & Wester, 2003). Additionally, reputation factors have been suggested to impact upon individuals’ help-seeking attitudes and intentions. Jagdeo, Cox, Stein, and Sareen (2009) found that antisocial personality disorder was a ssociated with greater negative attitudes towards help-seeking using data from the US National Comorbidity appraise (NCS) (n = 5877) and the Ontario Health Survey (OHS) (n = 6902). Given the disparity between mental health service needs and service utilization a more countrywide understanding of the factors involved in counselling-seeking conduct is required.\r\nThe Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking moral Health Services (IASMHS; Mackenzie, Knox, Gekoski, & Macaulay, 2004) is a 24- rich stop plateful designed to assess the attitudinal factors that influence the seeking of mental health services. This exfoliation was essential based upon Fisher and Turner’s (1970) Attitudes toward Seeking Professional mental answer Scale. The scale was highly-developed with a crown theoretical foundation, and its increasing use in research (James & Buttle, 2008; Loya, Reddy, & Hinshaw, 2010; Mackenzie, Gekoski, & Knox, 2006; Mojaverian, Hashimoto, & Kim, 201 2; Floersch et al., 2009). The IASMHS initially include 41- stages, however the results an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using maximum likelihood estimation among a sample of 208 adult volunteers (Mackenzie et al., 2004) reduced the number of items in the scale to 24.\r\nResults indicated that the 24-item scale could be explained in terms of tether correlated factors, which accounted for 43% of variance: (a) mental bareness (the degree to which an individual is open to acknowledging the straw man of a psychological problem and to seek original care for such(prenominal) a problem), (b) Help-Seeking Propensity (one’s willingness and perceived top executive to seek help for psychological problems), and (c) stolidity to Stigma (how concerned an individual would note were significant others to come apart that they were receiving psychological care). privileged consistency coefficients for the IASMHS subscales were reported to be swell with Cronbach’s alphas of .82 (psychological openness), .76 (help-seeking propensity), and .79 (indifference to stigma).\r\nFactor correlations were moderate with r values ranging from .37 to .47. In the same paper, using an independent sample of 293 undergraduate university students and employing confirming factor analysis (CFA) techniques, Mackenzie and colleagues (2004) reported that they replicated the three-factor etymon indicated by the EFA. Model fit was satisfactory and factor correlations ranged from r = .26 to .43. The current study aims to assess the degree to which intentions to come in in psychological counselling can be predicted by attitudes towards seeking mental health services. Specifically, it was predicted that psychological openness, help-seeking propensity, and indifference to stigma would all positively predict intentions to participate in psychological counselling, after controlling for age, gender and personality factors.\r\nMethod\r\nParticipants\r\nThe sample for the current study consisted of 331 (Males: n = 202; Females: n = 129) active and retired members of the national police force of the Republic of Ireland. Of the officers recruited, 302 (91%) were currently serving members of the Irish police force, while 29 (9%) were retired. Participants ranged in age from 20 to 77 days, with an average age of 28.41 years (SD = 8.63). Just under half(prenominal) the sample of officers were stationed in rural areas (45%, n = 149), 41% were stationed in suburban areas (n = 136), and 14% were stationed in urban areas (n = 46). The majority of officers who participated in this study were recent entrants into the police service with 63% of respondents indicating that they had been serving for two years or less (n = 209). Approximately half were married (48%, n = 159), while the be participants either resided with parents (27%, n = 89), lived with other family members (3%, n = 10), or lived alone (22%, n = 73).\r\n operation\r\nThe majority of study participants were recruited during a planning seminar (n = 259), while the remaining officers were recruited via formal pen requests (n = 72). Appropriate authorization was granted from the pertinent officials to carry out the study. In total, 532 members were approached to exonerate(a) the research questionnaire, and 365 volunteered their participation (68%). However receivable to overwhelming missing data in 34 returned surveys only 331 responses were retained for the net analysis (62%).\r\nParticipants were required to complete an anon. self-report, paper-and-pencil questionnaire booklet which included an instruction planing machine and a consent form machine-accessible to the front of the booklet. Participants were assured about confidentiality and certain that their participation was voluntary. Completed questionnaires were returned by the participants to their original officer in sealed envelopes, and were afterward returned to the principal investigator.\r\nMeasures\r\nThe In ventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS: Mackenzie et al., 2004) is a 24-item scale designed to appraise an individual’s attitudes towards seeking mental health services. The IASMHS was developed in order to measure three factors labeled (a) Psychological openness, (b) Help-seeking propensity, and (c) Indifference to stigma. Psychological openness reflects the degree to which an individual is open to acknowledging the presence of a psychological problem and to seek skipper care for such a problem. Help-seeking propensity reflects one’s willingness and perceived ability to seek help for psychological problems. Indifference to stigma refers to how concerned an individual would feel if significant others were to discover that they were receiving psychological care. Each factor is proposed to be measured via 8 items and each item is measured using a v point Likert-scale ranging from 0 (â€Å"disagree”) to 4 (â€Å"agree”).\r\nInt entions to Participate in Psychological Counselling: Intentions were measured as part of a larger questionnaire designed to measure the various constructs of the Theory of Planned way (Ajzen, 1991). This questionnaire was constructed according to the guidelines set forth by Ajzen (1991, 2002). The questionnaire was based upon a fictitious scenario which included the four elements of time, context, action, and target, as proposed by Ajzen and Fishbein (1977). The scenario describes an outlet that took place six hebdomads previously in which an individual witnesses a concentrated way traffic accident. In the intervening six weeks this individual begins to father significant personality changes.\r\nThe individual is reported to now experience prolonged periods of extreme sadness, lack of energy, condemnable thoughts related to the traumatic event, reduced please in normally pleasurable activities, severe panic attacks while outside, and refusal to leave the rest home even for w ork. A friend of this individual attends a G.P. about the matter and the G.P. recommends that the exposit person should attend a pro psychologist for counselling inwardly the next week. An conflict is thus made for next week. Participants in this study are asked to place themselves in the position of this fictitious person and to complete the questions that follow (see Appendix A for the full vignette).\r\nBehavioural intentions were measured via three items (Cronbach’s alpha = .77). 1. How likely is it that you would intend to go along to see a professional psychologist for counseling within the next week if you were in Terry’s position? 2. You will try to participate in counseling with a professional psychologist within the next week. 3. You have decided to participate in counseling with a professional psychologist within the next week. Each item was measured along a sevensome point Likert scale ranging from 1 (extremely unlikely) to 7 (extremely likely) and th e scores on the three questions were summed. high scores on this scale indicate stronger intentions to engage in counselling.\r\n'